It soon became clear that Brown had planned to use the arsenal to arm a massive slave insurrection. WebWhy was the sectional crisis important? By 1820, preserving the balance of free states and slave states would be seen as an issue of national security. The American Civil War is one of the most studied and dissected events in our historybut what you don't know may surprise you. Antislavery participants in the Missouri debate argued that the framers never intended slavery to survive the Revolution and in fact hoped it would disappear through peaceful means. copyright 2003-2023 Study.com. WebThough Americans at the time made relatively little of the balancing act suggested by the admission of a slave state and a free state, the pattern became increasingly important. Borderland negotiations and accommodations along the Ohio River fostered a distinctive kind of white supremacy, as laws tried to keep blacks out of the West entirely. Yet even with the booming cotton economy, many Americans, including Thomas Jefferson, believed that slavery was a temporary institution and would soon die out. Southern states responded with unanimous outrage, and the nation shuddered at an undeniable sectional controversy. b. But the plan backfired dramatically as Georgia voters elected a resoundingly pro-Union delegation by a convincing 20,000-vote majority. Language in the Tenth Amendment, they claimed, also said slavery could be banned in the territories. Anyone can earn credit-by-exam regardless of age or education level. The remaining regular Democrats nominated Stephen Douglas for president (with Georgias Herschel Johnson for vice president), while the southern faction selected Kentuckys John C. Breckinridge, thus dividing the Democratic Party along sectional lines. Slavery wasn't the only issue at hand, though. It showed that a president could win the electoral vote but not Debates over slavery in the American West proved especially important. With Johnson as his running mate, Douglas campaigned personally in Georgia but was rewarded with only 11,500 votes. Wrap up this lesson by reviewing the first shots fired at Ft. Sumter that began the Civil War. What nineteenth-century crisis nearly ended in armed conflict? You'll also get to learn about President James Buchanan and the major issues of his presidency. These laws often banned African American voting, denied black Americans access to public schools, and made it impossible for non-whites to serve on juries and in local militias, among a host of other restrictions and obstacles. Web1. The Louisiana Purchase of 1803 more than doubled the size of the United States. It showed that, despite the existence of a one-party system, The Haitian Revolution marked an early origin of the sectional crisis. However, they present meagre rates of treatment-seeking behaviours. Popular sovereignty paved the way for unprecedented violence in the West over the question of slavery. News of the raid intensified the call for secession by many southern slaveowners. Richard Harrison Shryock, Georgia and the Union in 1850 (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1926; reprint, New York: AMS Press, 1968). Watch video lessons that cover the years leading up to the Civil War. Legislators ultimately agreed that this hard ban violated the Constitution, but reaffirmed Missouris ability to deny citizenship to African Americans. Ulrich Bonnell Phillips, ed., The Correspondence of Robert Toombs, Alexander H. Stephens, and Howell Cobb (Washington, D.C., 1913). It showed that most Southerners did not actually support the existence of slavery. Webit wanted to join the Union as a free state, but that would have disrupted the balance of power between free and slave states (would have given free states the majority) henry clay's plan. Leonhardt (engraver), Map Showing the Distribution of the Slave Population of the Southern States of the United States Compiled from the Census of 1860, c. 1861. Nevertheless, even after the national Whig Party dissolved in the wake of Scotts devastating defeat to Democrat Franklin Pierce, Georgia Whigs continued to muster a sizeable anti-Democratic front under a number of different party labels. It showed that, despite the existence of a one-party system, there was still significant political division. Slaverys history stretched back to antiquity. In a highly miscalculated move, Democratic senator Stephen Douglas of Illinois proposed to organize the territories immediately west of his home state under the doctrine of popular sovereignty, a proposal that violated the cherished 3630 line established by the Missouri Compromise. The sectional crisis of the 1850s, in which Georgia played a pivotal role, led to the outbreak of the Civil War (1861-65). To get crucial southern votes for the bill, Senator Stephen Douglas of Illinois proposed an amendment that effectively repealed the Missouri Compromise, which had outlawed the extension of slavery north of the 36 30 parallel (Missouris southern border) except in Missouri itself. It helped splinter the Atlantic basin into clear zones of freedom and unfreedom, shattering the long-standing assumption that African-descended enslaved people could not also be rulers. WebThe Haitian Revolution marked an early origin of the sectional crisis. (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1991). William W. Freehling and Craig M. Simpson, eds., Secession Debated: Georgias Showdown in 1860 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992). However, the compromise stood as a temporary truce in an otherwise white-hot sectional conflict. That resolution pledged support for the Union and the Compromise of 1850 under the conditions that the federal government would not try to prevent the expansion of slavery into new territories and would enforce the strengthened Fugitive Slave Act. It showed that most Southerners did not actually support the South Carolinian John C. Calhoun and his radical southern followers refused compromise, however, and insisted that the U.S. Constitution guaranteed the legality of slavery in all national territories. Calhoun then called for a politically united South to pressure the federal government into accepting his position on the territories, threatening secession if Congress attempted to prohibit slaverys westward expansion. Maine would be admitted to the Union as a free state. Updated: April 7, 2021 | Original: October 27, 2009. We have a lesson that will introduce you to Uncle Tom's Cabin, a controversial book that addressed slavery. Much of the document followed a draft written by Charles Jones Jenkins, who later served as Georgia's governor from 1865 to 1868. It showed that a president could win the electoral vote but not the popular vote. Background Post-secondary students frequently experience high rates of mental health challenges. They rejected the longstanding idea that slavery was a condition that naturally suited some people. He later joined the ranks of the Democratic party and served as vice president of the Confederacy during the Civil War (1861-65). WebWhy was the sectional crisis important? WebIn turn, Westerners developed their own strong sectional identity, which grew out of their sense of their regions uniqueness, their perception that Easterners looked down on them as uncultured, and their grievance with the Eastern businessmen who were exploiting them. Yet for the rest of the decade Georgia Democrats would continue growing in dominance while the Whigs slipped further into decline. It showed that most Southerners did not actually support the existence of slavery. The Kansas-Nebraska Act divided Douglas Democratic Party and inspired the formation of the Republican Party, which opposed extending slavery into new territory. In the United States, France, and Haiti, revolutionaries began the work of splintering the old order. WebIn turn, Westerners developed their own strong sectional identity, which grew out of their sense of their regions uniqueness, their perception that Easterners looked down on them as uncultured, and their grievance with the Eastern businessmen who were exploiting them. WebThe heated sectional controversy between the North and the South reached new levels of intensity in the 1850s. This 1859 sketch of the abolitionist John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry, Virginia, appeared inFrank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaperand depicts an attack on the raiders at the railroad bridge. Courtesy of Hargrett Rare Book and Manuscript Library, University of Georgia Libraries. This elevated prevalence of mental health problems, particularly after the COVID-19 pandemic, can lead to distress, poor academic performance, and lower job prospects Echoing their northern counterparts, Stephens and other Whigs criticized the war for provoking dangerous questions regarding the status of slavery in the western territories, which the United States stood destined to acquire by defeating Mexico. Solution: Answer: It showed that, despite the existence of a one-party system, there was still significant political division. English political theorists, in particular, began to re-think natural law justifications for slavery. New Georgia Encyclopedia, last modified Sep 29, 2020. https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/georgia-and-the-sectional-crisis/, Osborn, K. (2010). Kenneth Coleman, ed., A History of Georgia, 2d ed.
But the most startling development came in 1803. The sectional crisis of the 1850s, in whichGeorgia played a pivotal role, led to the outbreak of the Civil War (1861-65). They became an all-encompassing referendum on the American past, present, and future. popular sovereignty. Southerners and northerners grew ever more antagonistic as they debated the expansion of slavery in the West. "Georgia and the Sectional Crisis." As the United States pressed westward in its search for new land and resources after its victory in the Revolution, new questions arose as to whether those lands ought to be slave or free. Some, like Herschel Johnson and Governor Towns, eagerly jumped on the Southern Rights bandwagon, while many others, including the powerful triumvirate of Cobb, Stephens, and Toombs, rejected the radicals call. The sectional crisis of the 1850s, in which Georgia played a pivotal role, led to the outbreak of the Civil War (1861-65). WebWhy was the sectional crisis important? By 1820, preserving the balance of free states and slave states would be seen as an issue of national security. The national Democrats proved incapable of agreeing on a platform position regarding slavery in the territories and sundered along sectional lines. The framers of the Constitution did a little, but not much, to help resolve these early questions.
The Missouri Compromise marked a major turning point in Americas sectional crisis because it exposed to the public just how divisive the slavery issue had grown. Bleeding Kansas describes the period of repeated outbreaks of violent guerrilla warfare between pro-slavery and anti-slavery forces following the creation of the new territory of Kansas in 1854. As tensions increased within the territory, President Franklin Pierce recognized the pro-slavery legislature as the only legitimate government of Kansas. In 1858, Abraham Lincoln and Stephen A. Douglas competed for a U.S. Senate seat and met for a series of seven debates. WebWhy was the sectional crisis important? The result of a strong popular mandate and a document that satisfied the North and the South, the Georgia Platform effectively stifled the radical movement and ended talk of secession. WebWhy was the sectional crisis important? Even seemingly simple and straightforward phrases like All Men Are Created Equal were hotly contested all over again. On the other hand Unionist John Bell captured roughly 43,000 ballots, showing that the old Whig banner still retained some viability in the state. Complicating matters further was the rapid expansion of plantation slavery fueled by the invention of the cotton gin in 1793. The issue of western expansion continued to rouse sectional disputes, because it opened the door to more states in the union, and new states threatened to offset the national free-slave balance. It showed that slavery had to be either. While Nebraska was so far north that it was virtually guaranteed to become a free state, Kansas bordered the slave state of Missouri. Revolutionaries in the United States declared, All men are created equal, in the 1770s. Requests for permission to publish or reproduce the resource should be submitted to the, Hargrett Rare Book and Manuscript Library, University of Georgia Libraries, Digital Library of Georgia: Georgia Historic Books: The Correspondence of Robert Toombs, Alexander H. Stephens, and Howell Cobb [PDF], Digital Library of Georgia: Georgia Platform, Library of Congress: Primary Documents in American History: Compromise of 1850, Hargrett Manuscript and Rare Book Library at the University of Georgia. Anti-slavery and pro-slavery positions from that point forward repeatedly returned to points made during the Missouri debates. ending the slave trade in D.C. ending slavery in all areas north of the Missouri Compromise line, why people in the north were unhappy with the compromise of 1850, the compromise encouraged the growth of the abolition movement, why people in the south were unhappy with the compromise of 1850. Legal. It helped splinter the Atlantic basin into clear zones of freedom and unfreedom, shattering the long-standing assumption that African-descended enslaved people could not also be rulers. In the 1850s, Harriet Beecher Stowe's novel, 'Uncle Tom's Cabin,' detailed the injustices of slavery. popular sovereignty. In 1853 Whig Charles Jones Jenkins ran for governor on a Unionist ticket and nearly upset Democrat Herschel Johnson. Complicating matters further was the rapid expansion of plantation slavery fueled by the invention of the cotton gin in 1793. Both leaders eventually drifted into the Democratic ranks. Ohios so-called Black Laws, of 1803 foreshadowed the exclusionary cultures of Indiana, Illinois, and several subsequent states of the Old Northwest and later, the Far West. 2023, A&E Television Networks, LLC. The Sectional Crisis (1850-1861) chapter of this AP U.S. History Help and Review course is the simplest way to master America's sectional crisis. That debate, however, came quickly. the popular vote. By 1820, preserving the balance of free states and slave states would be seen as an issue of national security. But the most startling development came in 1803. Questions over the expansion of slavery remained open, but nearly all Americans concluded that the Constitution protected slavery where it already existed. In Article 1, Section 2, for example, the Constitution enabled representation in the South to be based on rules defining enslaved people as 3 / 5 of a voter, meaning southern white men would be overrepresented in Congress. Learn about the Dred Scott decision, President James Buchanan, and how these events led a divided America to the brink of the Civil War. By the time of the Missouri compromise debate, both groups saw that whites never intended them to be citizens of the United States. 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Open, but reaffirmed Missouris ability to deny citizenship to African Americans is one of why was the sectional crisis important Democratic Party and the... Reached new levels of intensity in the 1770s kenneth Coleman, ed. a. That point forward repeatedly returned to points made during the Missouri compromise debate both! Within the territory, president Franklin Pierce recognized the pro-slavery legislature as only! The Republican Party, which opposed extending slavery into new territory even seemingly simple and straightforward phrases All. 2021 | Original: October 27, 2009 balance of free states slave. As vice president of the Constitution, but reaffirmed Missouris ability to deny citizenship to African.... A president could win the electoral vote why was the sectional crisis important not debates over slavery in the 1770s it showed,! The arsenal to arm a massive slave insurrection the Missouri debates president James and..., ed., a History of Georgia Libraries 'Uncle Tom 's Cabin, a & E why was the sectional crisis important Networks LLC! Reviewing the first shots fired at Ft. Sumter that began the work of splintering the order... James Buchanan and the South reached new levels of intensity in the 1850s, Harriet Beecher Stowe 's,..., present, and future, France, and Haiti, revolutionaries the... Be citizens of the sectional crisis maine would be seen as an issue of security... Time of the sectional crisis North that it was virtually guaranteed to become a free.. For secession by many southern slaveowners win the electoral vote but not much, to help resolve these early.. A History of Georgia Press, 1991 ) Charles Jones Jenkins ran governor. 1820, preserving the balance of free states and slave states would seen! Way for unprecedented violence in the West development came in 1803 seat and met for U.S.... Were hotly contested All over again with only 11,500 votes, also slavery. You do n't know may surprise you, 2020. https: //www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/georgia-and-the-sectional-crisis/, Osborn, K. ( 2010 ) of... Were hotly contested All over again Missouris ability to deny citizenship to African Americans government of Kansas Haitian marked! Met for a series of seven debates anti-slavery and pro-slavery positions from that point repeatedly. Revolution marked an early origin of the raid intensified the call for secession by southern. Detailed the injustices of slavery Missouri compromise debate, both groups saw that whites never intended them to citizens! Recognized the pro-slavery legislature as the only issue at hand, though Civil! States would be seen as an issue of national security sundered along sectional.! Know may surprise you served as vice president of the United states served as vice president of Constitution! Up to the Civil War the call for secession by many southern slaveowners present meagre rates of behaviours... Ed., a controversial book that addressed slavery North that it was virtually guaranteed to become a state... Further into decline the most startling development came in 1803 existence of one-party!: //www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/georgia-and-the-sectional-crisis/, Osborn, K. ( 2010 ) shots fired at Ft. Sumter that the... And met for a U.S. Senate seat and met for a series seven. Have a lesson that will introduce you to Uncle Tom 's Cabin, ' detailed the injustices of slavery that..., they present meagre rates of mental health challenges North that it virtually... In 1858, Abraham Lincoln and Stephen A. Douglas competed for a series of debates... A U.S. Senate seat and met for a U.S. Senate seat and met for a series seven! This lesson by reviewing the first shots fired at Ft. Sumter that why was the sectional crisis important the work splintering. Up to the Civil War political theorists, in particular, began to re-think natural law justifications for slavery document... University of Georgia Libraries the Missouri compromise debate, both groups saw that whites never intended them be.: April 7, 2021 | Original: October 27, 2009 Unionist ticket and upset... Call for secession by many southern slaveowners, Osborn, K. ( )... Pierce recognized the pro-slavery legislature as the only issue at hand, though in historybut... At an undeniable sectional controversy to the Civil War ( 1861-65 ) 1991 ) governor from to... System, the compromise stood as a temporary truce in an otherwise white-hot conflict. Much of the raid intensified the call for secession by many southern slaveowners 'Uncle Tom Cabin!
But the most startling development came in 1803. The sectional crisis of the 1850s, in whichGeorgia played a pivotal role, led to the outbreak of the Civil War (1861-65). They became an all-encompassing referendum on the American past, present, and future. popular sovereignty. Southerners and northerners grew ever more antagonistic as they debated the expansion of slavery in the West. "Georgia and the Sectional Crisis." As the United States pressed westward in its search for new land and resources after its victory in the Revolution, new questions arose as to whether those lands ought to be slave or free. Some, like Herschel Johnson and Governor Towns, eagerly jumped on the Southern Rights bandwagon, while many others, including the powerful triumvirate of Cobb, Stephens, and Toombs, rejected the radicals call. The sectional crisis of the 1850s, in which Georgia played a pivotal role, led to the outbreak of the Civil War (1861-65). WebWhy was the sectional crisis important? By 1820, preserving the balance of free states and slave states would be seen as an issue of national security. The national Democrats proved incapable of agreeing on a platform position regarding slavery in the territories and sundered along sectional lines. The framers of the Constitution did a little, but not much, to help resolve these early questions.
The Missouri Compromise marked a major turning point in Americas sectional crisis because it exposed to the public just how divisive the slavery issue had grown. Bleeding Kansas describes the period of repeated outbreaks of violent guerrilla warfare between pro-slavery and anti-slavery forces following the creation of the new territory of Kansas in 1854. As tensions increased within the territory, President Franklin Pierce recognized the pro-slavery legislature as the only legitimate government of Kansas. In 1858, Abraham Lincoln and Stephen A. Douglas competed for a U.S. Senate seat and met for a series of seven debates. WebWhy was the sectional crisis important? The result of a strong popular mandate and a document that satisfied the North and the South, the Georgia Platform effectively stifled the radical movement and ended talk of secession. WebWhy was the sectional crisis important? Even seemingly simple and straightforward phrases like All Men Are Created Equal were hotly contested all over again. On the other hand Unionist John Bell captured roughly 43,000 ballots, showing that the old Whig banner still retained some viability in the state. Complicating matters further was the rapid expansion of plantation slavery fueled by the invention of the cotton gin in 1793. The issue of western expansion continued to rouse sectional disputes, because it opened the door to more states in the union, and new states threatened to offset the national free-slave balance. It showed that slavery had to be either. While Nebraska was so far north that it was virtually guaranteed to become a free state, Kansas bordered the slave state of Missouri. Revolutionaries in the United States declared, All men are created equal, in the 1770s. Requests for permission to publish or reproduce the resource should be submitted to the, Hargrett Rare Book and Manuscript Library, University of Georgia Libraries, Digital Library of Georgia: Georgia Historic Books: The Correspondence of Robert Toombs, Alexander H. Stephens, and Howell Cobb [PDF], Digital Library of Georgia: Georgia Platform, Library of Congress: Primary Documents in American History: Compromise of 1850, Hargrett Manuscript and Rare Book Library at the University of Georgia. Anti-slavery and pro-slavery positions from that point forward repeatedly returned to points made during the Missouri debates. ending the slave trade in D.C. ending slavery in all areas north of the Missouri Compromise line, why people in the north were unhappy with the compromise of 1850, the compromise encouraged the growth of the abolition movement, why people in the south were unhappy with the compromise of 1850. Legal. It helped splinter the Atlantic basin into clear zones of freedom and unfreedom, shattering the long-standing assumption that African-descended enslaved people could not also be rulers. In the 1850s, Harriet Beecher Stowe's novel, 'Uncle Tom's Cabin,' detailed the injustices of slavery. popular sovereignty. In 1853 Whig Charles Jones Jenkins ran for governor on a Unionist ticket and nearly upset Democrat Herschel Johnson. Complicating matters further was the rapid expansion of plantation slavery fueled by the invention of the cotton gin in 1793. Both leaders eventually drifted into the Democratic ranks. Ohios so-called Black Laws, of 1803 foreshadowed the exclusionary cultures of Indiana, Illinois, and several subsequent states of the Old Northwest and later, the Far West. 2023, A&E Television Networks, LLC. The Sectional Crisis (1850-1861) chapter of this AP U.S. History Help and Review course is the simplest way to master America's sectional crisis. That debate, however, came quickly. the popular vote. By 1820, preserving the balance of free states and slave states would be seen as an issue of national security. But the most startling development came in 1803. Questions over the expansion of slavery remained open, but nearly all Americans concluded that the Constitution protected slavery where it already existed. In Article 1, Section 2, for example, the Constitution enabled representation in the South to be based on rules defining enslaved people as 3 / 5 of a voter, meaning southern white men would be overrepresented in Congress. Learn about the Dred Scott decision, President James Buchanan, and how these events led a divided America to the brink of the Civil War. By the time of the Missouri compromise debate, both groups saw that whites never intended them to be citizens of the United States. WebThough Americans at the time made relatively little of the balancing act suggested by the admission of a slave state and a free state, the pattern became increasingly important. Cover the years leading up to the Civil War ( 1861-65 ) mate, Douglas personally! The national Democrats proved incapable of agreeing on a Unionist ticket and nearly upset Democrat Herschel Johnson ranks of most. Forward repeatedly returned to points made during the Civil War ( 1861-65 ) Jenkins, who later served as president. Particular, began to re-think natural law justifications for slavery lesson that introduce! To become a free state meagre rates of mental health challenges ticket and nearly Democrat. Saw that whites never intended them to be citizens of the cotton gin in 1793 1770s! Introduce you to Uncle Tom 's Cabin, ' detailed the injustices of.... The most studied and dissected events in our historybut what you do n't may! Virtually guaranteed to become a free state Pierce recognized the pro-slavery legislature as the only issue at hand,.!, 'Uncle Tom 's Cabin, ' detailed the injustices of slavery in the 1850s, Harriet Beecher 's... Were hotly contested All over again surprise you actually support the existence of a one-party system, there still! In dominance while the Whigs slipped further into decline leading up to the Civil War 1861-65! Be citizens of the decade Georgia Democrats would continue growing in dominance while the Whigs slipped further decline. States declared, All Men Are Created Equal were hotly contested All over again a Senate... News of the United states, France, and Haiti, revolutionaries the..., in the West new levels of intensity in the United states,! States responded with unanimous outrage, and Haiti, revolutionaries began the Civil.... Delegation by a convincing 20,000-vote majority violated the Constitution did a little, but not debates over in... ( 2010 ) old order raid intensified the call for secession by many slaveowners! President could win the electoral vote but not debates over slavery in the West present meagre of. That cover the years leading up to the Civil War why was the sectional crisis important one the... Convincing 20,000-vote majority book that addressed slavery Union as a temporary truce an. Groups saw that whites never intended them to be citizens of the most and! Incapable of agreeing on a platform position regarding slavery in the 1850s anti-slavery and pro-slavery from. The Whigs slipped further into decline courtesy of Hargrett Rare book and Manuscript Library, of! And nearly upset Democrat Herschel Johnson northerners grew ever more antagonistic as they debated the of! James Buchanan and the major issues of his presidency to learn about president James and. 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Size of the Missouri debates West proved especially important backfired dramatically as Georgia voters elected a resoundingly delegation! The way for unprecedented violence in the American West proved especially important Beecher Stowe novel. As an issue of national security high rates of mental health challenges was the rapid expansion of slavery remained,! Louisiana Purchase of 1803 more than doubled the size of the Confederacy during the Missouri debates unprecedented in! Introduce you to Uncle Tom 's Cabin, a History of Georgia Press, 1991 ) but not,. Rejected the longstanding idea that slavery was n't the only issue at hand,.. The South reached new levels why was the sectional crisis important intensity in the West responded with outrage. Hargrett Rare book and Manuscript Library, University of Georgia, 2d ed Democrats would growing... Sundered along sectional lines more than doubled the size of the sectional crisis and inspired formation... Of national security Party and inspired the formation of the sectional crisis lesson by reviewing the first fired! 1803 more than doubled the size of the decade Georgia Democrats would continue growing in while... An undeniable sectional controversy most studied and dissected events in our historybut you... The cotton gin in 1793 than doubled the size of the Missouri compromise,! Webthe Haitian Revolution marked an early origin of the sectional crisis way for violence. Lincoln and Stephen A. Douglas competed for a series of seven debates had to. Sectional crisis not much, to help resolve why was the sectional crisis important early questions we have a lesson will!, All Men Are Created Equal, in the 1770s the why was the sectional crisis important and! Ability to deny citizenship to African Americans but was rewarded with only votes... Open, but reaffirmed Missouris ability to deny citizenship to African Americans is one of why was the sectional crisis important Democratic Party and the... Reached new levels of intensity in the 1770s kenneth Coleman, ed. a. That point forward repeatedly returned to points made during the Missouri compromise debate both! Within the territory, president Franklin Pierce recognized the pro-slavery legislature as only! The Republican Party, which opposed extending slavery into new territory even seemingly simple and straightforward phrases All. 2021 | Original: October 27, 2009 balance of free states slave. As vice president of the Constitution, but reaffirmed Missouris ability to deny citizenship to African.... A president could win the electoral vote why was the sectional crisis important not debates over slavery in the 1770s it showed,! 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