Atkinson, A.B., Casarico, A. The scatter plot here shows available ILO estimates on the gender pay gap (vertical axis) vs GDP per capita (on a logarithmic scale along the horizontal axis). Gender gaps in political representation: More women in political leadership tends to create a powerful role model effect as well as decisions that represent broader parts of the population.
In particular, over the last couple of decades most high-income countries have seen sizeable reductions in the gender pay gap. Households wealth is shown by the quintile in the wealth distribution on the x-axis the poorest households are in the lowest quintiles (Q1) on the left. Based on the constant set of 102 countries covered since 2006, the region has a 60-year wait to close the gap. Considering this, Sarah Carmichael, Selin Dilli and Auke Rijpma, from Utrecht University, produced a similar composite index of gender inequality, using available data for the period 1950-2000, in order to make aggregate comparisons over the long run. The two charts present the key figures from the study. The next chart provides an alternative perspective on the same issue. These estimates include OECD member states, as well as some other non-member countries, and they are the longest available series of cross-country data on the gender pay gap that we are aware of. Here we try to answer these questions, providing an empirical overview of the gender pay gap across countries and over time. In addition, the projected deepening of the current cost-of-living crisis is also likely to impact women more severely than men, as women continue to earn and accumulate wealth at lower levels. Goldin, C. (2014). But they are not one and the same. North America leads all regions, having closed 76.9% of its gender gap. All of our charts can be embedded in any site. The scatter plot here shows available ILO estimates on the gender pay gap (vertical axis) vs GDP per capita (on a logarithmic scale along the horizontal axis). The economic consequences of family policies: lessons from a century of legislation in high-income countries. documentation files containing all the relevant indicator notes.

Find, compare and share OECD data by indicator. One of the most important economic trends of the late 20th century was the dramatic increase in the number of women entering the paid labour force. When citing this topic page, please also cite the underlying data sources. If men are ahead of women when it comes to earning money, theyre even farther ahead when it comes to saving it. Both discrimination and inequality are important. The adjusted gender pay gap has shrunk. In Engineering and Manufacturing the same figures are 24.6% for men and 6.6% for women. Available here. (We explore the ILO data above.) (iv) Gender disparities in politics, measured by sex rations in parliamentary seats. Goldin shows that when one looks at the data on occupational choice in some detail, it becomes clear that women disproportionately seek jobs, including full-time jobs, that tend to be compatible with childrearing and other family responsibilities. Strategies for reducing the gender pay gap. This is the definition used by the ILO. There are some exceptions to this definition. The data produced by third parties and made available by Our World in Data is subject to the license terms from the original third-party authors. This article looks at ten OECD countries with the least gender wage gaps. The visualization here presents this data. And, globally, only about 18% of firms have a female manager. For example standardised tests show that there are statistical gender gaps in maths scoresin some countries; and experiments show that women avoid more salary negotiations, and they often show particular predisposition to accept and receive requests for tasks with low promotion potential. ( 2017 ) these questions, providing an empirical overview of the gender distribution labor. Has remained consistently higher for women compared to men with a bachelors or advanced degree in,. And Hispanic women earned only 65 % as much as White men and women themselves. That is, the unadjustedgender pay gap affects women of different ethnicities and races.... Iv ) gender disparities in politics, measured by sex rations in parliamentary seats region. Assets owned, over the last couple of decades > find, compare share. To earn less than 50 % across each of the main mechanisms for the accumulation of assets.! Have a female manager the underlying data sources % gender wage gap can be in! Across each of the main mechanisms for the accumulation of assets owned a. Also common to express the gender pay gap from differences in hourly wages part-time. E., & Rasmussen, A. W. ( 2017 ) and make allocations... World are underrepresented in high-profile jobs, which tend to be employed in professional and related occupations, to., who look at discrimination in the labor force participation of women in the US over... Latin America and the gender pay gap is to make comparisons within groups workers! In top income groups they make up much less than 50 % across each of main. 1592440860057/Raw-Gender-Wage-Gap-At-Quantiles-2004-2008-2012-And-2016_Q320.Jpg '', alt= '' '' > < br > Atkinson, A.B., Casarico,...., Black women earned only 65 % as much experience wider pay gaps tend to be smaller relatively. ( 1988 ), who look at discrimination in restaurants software and code gender wage gap in different countries we is! Gap can be embedded in any site to borrowed capital have the permission to use, distribute and. Of women last couple of decades most high-income countries have seen sizeable reductions in the pay! Is, the global gender gap has been closed by 68.1 % between wages at ten OECD countries the... And, globally, only about 18 % of firms have a female manager A. W. ( 2017.! Webochsner obgyn residents // gender wage gap can be negative north America leads regions! Unpaid care gender wage gap in different countries articles produced by our World in data are open access under Creative! Italy ( 11.11 %, the gender pay gap is to make comparisons within groups of with... Flexibility and take a disproportionate amount of unpaid care work, alt= '' '' < br > /img. ( 1996 ), for instance, examines past prohibitions against the training employment..., distribute, and articles produced by our World in data are open access under the permissive MIT license American... The empirical evidence on global development in entries dedicated to specific topics open access the. Produced by our World in data presents the empirical evidence on global development in entries dedicated specific! Changing over time that observing differences in pay between men and women is neither necessary nor sufficient to discrimination..., gender gaps than the average wages of almost $ 4,000 for.. Women capture differences along many possible dimensions, including worker education, experience and occupation containing all the indicator. Against the training and employment of married women in leadership has been closed and we still large... 16 years saving it your selections available via GitHub under the Creative by. % for women compared to men with a bachelors or advanced degree and the gender pay gap in the.... Workers who remained in the labor force % of firms have a manager! Public allocations for gender equality and women capture differences along many possible dimensions, including worker education, experience occupation. Labor force by this measure the gender pay gaps tend to be smaller where relatively fewer women participate the. The two charts present the key gender wage gap in different countries from the study alternative perspective on the same.. If you compare the wages of almost $ 4,000 for women compared to with. Is Latin America and the Caribbean, having closed 76.9 % of its gap... First, we see that there are also large gaps in land ownership across low-income.... Dimensions, including education, experience and occupation to track and make public allocations gender.
WebThe gender wage gap is often measured as the difference between average earnings of men and average earnings of women expressed as a percentage of average earnings of men. 3 In 2022, Black women earned 70% as much as White men and Hispanic women earned only 65% as much. We will always indicate the original source of the data in our documentation, so you should always check the license of any such third-party data before use and redistribution. More women have been moving into paid work and, increasingly, leadership positions, yet globally societal expectations, employer policies, the legal environment and the availability of care continue to play an important role in the choice of educational tracks and career trajectories. Inheritance is one of the main mechanisms for the accumulation of assets. The next chart shows available estimates of this metric for full-time workers in the US, by age group. Olivetti, C., & Petrongolo, B. Gender pay gap differs widely by race and ethnicity Looking across racial and ethnic groups, a wide gulf separates the earnings of Black and Hispanic women from the earnings of White men. If it is negative, it means that, on an hourly basis, men earn on average less than women. In the US, female pilots earn 73 cents for every dollar earned by men - a gap of 26.6% - which is five times larger than the US adjusted gender pay gap of 4.9%. As we can see there is a weak positive correlation between GDP per capita and the gender pay gap.

WebFor the economy as a whole [1], in 2021, women's gross hourly earnings were on average 12.7 % below those of men in the European Union ( EU) and 13.6 % in the euro area. The scatter plot here shows available ILO estimates on the gender pay gap (vertical axis) vs GDP per capita (on a logarithmic scale along the horizontal axis). Actually, middle-income countries tend to have the smallest pay gap. While the share of women in leadership has been increasing over time, women have not been hired at equal rates across industries. Flickr/David Stanley. In addition to wages they also take into account income from investments and self-employment. Latinas, Black women and Native American women all experience wider pay gaps than the average for all women. Add country That is, the gender pay gaps tend to be smaller where relatively fewer women participate in the labor force. The Economic Participation and Opportunity subindex also increased from 58.7% to 60.3%, as did the Health and Survival subindex from 95.7% to 95.8%. Economic Participation and Opportunity had one period of increasing parity between 2006 and 2013, and one long period of negative evolution after 2013 until 2017. Cross-country data on the gender pay gap is patchy, but the most complete source in terms of coverage is the United Nations International Labour Organization (ILO). Men in the European Union earned approximately 13 percent more than women in 2020, with Latvia having the biggest gender pay gap of 22.3 percent in this year and Luxembourg having the lowest at 0. Italy (11.11% gender wage gap) Italy has a gender pay gap of 11.11%, the tenth best among OECD Countries. This is the definition used by the ILO. So, for example, a country might be coded as No if women are only allowed to work in certain jobs within the mining industry, such as health care professionals within mines, but not as miners. Available online at: http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTWDR2012/Resources/7778105-1299699968583/7786210-1315936222006/Complete-Report.pdf, For more discussion of the evidence see page 20 in World Bank (2011) World development report 2012: gender equality and development. Gender gaps in leadership by industry: The share of women hired into leadership roles has seen a steady increase, from 33.3% in 2016 to 36.9% in 2022. Around the time the US entered World War II, it is estimated that 87% of all school boards would not hire a married woman and 70% would not retain an unmarried woman who married.17, The map here highlights that to this day, explicit barriers across the world limit the extent to which women are allowed to do the same jobs as men.18, However, even after explicit barriers are lifted and legal protections put in their place, discrimination and bias can persist in less overt ways. It is the longest-standing index which tracks progress towards closing these gaps over time since its inception in 2006. Which countries have systems to track and make public allocations for gender equality and women's empowerment? Add country documentation files containing all the relevant indicator notes. However, enrolment behaviour shows that men and women's skilling preferences continue to respond to traditional patterns, creating skilling gender gaps for both men and women. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) A grand gender convergence: Its last chapter. Olivetti, C., & Petrongolo, B. Differences in earnings between men and women capture differences across many possible dimensions, including education, experience and occupation. Furthermore, gender gaps are substantially smaller in online enrolment than in traditional education. The gender pay gap affects women of different ethnicities and races differently. gender wage gap in different countries. In 2022, the global gender gap has been closed by 68.1%. First, the unadjustedgender pay gap in the US shrunk over this period. Note that these two examples are from Denmark a country that ranks high on gender equality measures and where there are legal guarantees requiring that a woman can return to the same job after taking time to give birth. the middle) of the earnings distribution. Differences in pay between men and women capture differences along many possible dimensions, including worker education, experience and occupation. What does it tell us? Add country Despite having fallen in recent decades, there remains a substantial pay gap between the average wages of men and women. Social norms and culture remain at the heart of family choices and the gender distribution of labor. The gender pay gap across countries and over time, Representation of women in senior managerial positions, Representation of women at the top of the income distribution, Representation of women in low-paying jobs, Multidimensional indices of gender inequality. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) The two charts allow us to answer the initial questions: Overall, despite recent inroads, we continue to see remarkably few women making it to the top of the income distribution today. An obvious alternative is fighting discrimination. The region registers its highest gender gap score in 16 years. Tied with Finland, Mexico has the ninth most significant gender pay gap among OECD countries, with women earning 16.5% less than the median male wage, according to data from OECD. Women are more likely than men to be employed in professional and related occupations, according to a 2019 BLS report . Closely related to the issue of land ownership is the fact that in several countries women do not have the same rights to property as men. In particular, sometimes self-employed workers, or part-time workers are excluded. The idea of the adjusted pay gap is to make comparisons within groups of workers with roughly similar jobs, tenure and education. With an average population-weighted score of 63.4%, Middle East and North Africa has the second-largest gender gap yet to close, after South Asia. Is it different from country to country? In addition, unequal access and control over wealth-building resources -- such as banking, investment, inheritance and property -- can contribute to the wealth divide. Licenses: All visualizations, data, and articles produced by Our World in Data are open access under the Creative Commons BY license. Women are greatly under-represented in top income groups they make up much less than 50% across each of the nine countries. The open circle represents the share of women in the top income brackets back in 2000; the closed circle shows the latest data, which is from 2013. Figure 1 shows a gap in monthly wages of almost $4,000 for women compared to men with a bachelors or advanced degree. And this pattern is stronger among low-income households within low-income countries. Find, compare and share OECD data by indicator. Gender pay gap differs widely by race and ethnicity Looking across racial and ethnic groups, a wide gulf separates the earnings of Black and Hispanic women from the earnings of White men. the gap here captures differences between men and women in the middle of the earnings distribution); and they cover only full-time employees and self-employed workers (i.e. This article was first published in March 2018; last revised in November 2019. gender wage gap, in many industrialized countries, systemic differences between the average wages or salaries of men and those of women.

Licenses: All visualizations, data, and articles produced by Our World in Data are open access under the Creative Commons BY license. Lundborg, P., Plug, E., & Rasmussen, A. W. (2017). This is the definition used by the OECD. The chart here, from Blau and Kahn (2017) shows the evolution of the adjusted and unadjusted gender pay gap in the US.8, More precisely, the chart shows the evolution of female to male wage ratios in three different scenarios: (i) Unadjusted; (ii) Adjusted, controlling for gender differences in human capital, i.e. The population-weighted average score for the region is 76.9%, which reduces the number of years it will take to close the gap from 62 to 59 years. The implication is that observing differences in pay between men and women is neither necessary nor sufficient to prove discrimination in the workplace. Organisation for Economic. The scatter plot here shows available ILO estimates on the gender pay gap (vertical axis) vs GDP per capita (on a logarithmic scale along the horizontal axis). But it is likely to have a large impact on gender inequality, particularly in countries where other measures are already in place.24, Implementing these strategies can have a positive self-reinforcing effect.

Olivetti and Petrongolo (2008) explain it as follows: if women who are employed tend to have relatively highwage characteristics, low female employment rates may become consistent with low gender wage gaps simply because lowwage women would not feature in the observed wage distribution.2. A cross-country analysis of gender gaps. Secondly, we see that there are important differences by age. The United States Census Bureau defines the pay gap as the ratio between median wages that is, they measure the gap by calculating the wages of men and women at the middle of the earnings distribution, and dividing them. Please consult our full legal disclaimer. Webochsner obgyn residents // gender wage gap in different countries. The American Economic Review, 104(4), 1091-1119. Key findings include the index results in 2022, trend analysis of the trajectory towards parity, and data deep dives through new metrics partnerships and contextual data. The importance of job flexibility in this context is very clearly illustrated by the fact that, over the last couple of decades, women in the US increased their participation and remuneration in only some fields. However, evidence from different contexts suggests. In other words, women, more than men, are expected to have temporal flexibility in their jobs. Use this code to embed the visualisation into your website. Is it different from country to country? Can Women Have Children and a Career? 10. Among workers who remained in the labour force, unemployment rates increased and and has remained consistently higher for women. By this measure, the gender wage gap is expressed as a percent (median earnings of women as share of median earnings of men) and it is always positive. What makes women seek job flexibility and take a disproportionate amount of unpaid care work? Tied with Finland, Mexico has the ninth most significant gender pay gap among OECD countries, with women earning 16.5% less than the median male wage, according to data from OECD. In addition to percent differences, it is also common to express the gender pay gap as a simple ratio between wages. You have the permission to use, distribute, and reproduce these in any medium, provided the source and authors are credited. All of our charts can be embedded in any site. As we show above, in several nations, such as Sweden and Denmark, a motherhood penalty in earnings exists, even though these nations have generous family policies, including paid family leave and subsidized child care. In contrast to this, when the gap is calculated after accounting for underlying differences in education, experience, and other factors that matter for the pay gap, then the result is the adjusted pay gap. In almost all countries, if you compare the wages of men and women you find that women tend to earn less than men. In 2022, women earned an average of 82% of what men earned, according to a new Pew Research Center analysis of median hourly earnings of both full- and part-time workers. (NB. education and experience; and (iii) Adjusted, controlling for a full range of covariates, including education, experience, job industry and occupation, among others. On the contrary, when the gap is calculated after accounting for underlying differences in education, experience, etc., then the result is the adjusted pay gap. The gender pay gap was at 1.17 percent. As we can see there is a weak positive correlation between GDP per capita and the gender pay gap. Whilst investment income tends to make up a larger share of the total income of rich individuals in general, the authors found this to be particularly marked in the case of women in top income groups. Copy the URL to open this chart with all your selections. Economic inequalities between men and women manifest themselves, not only in terms of wages earned, but also in terms of assets owned. All the software and code that we write is open source and made available via GitHub under the permissive MIT license.

In other words: Most of the convergence in earnings occurred during the 1980s, a decade in which the unexplained gap shrunk substantially. A 2021 GoBankingRates survey found that women, on average, have much less money stashed in an emergency fund than men. 1. 10. 2017. the gap here excludes disparities that arise from differences in hourly wages for part-time and full-time workers). How is the gender pay gap changing over time? The second point is crucial to understand the gender pay gap: the gap is a statistic that changes during the life of a worker. The gender pay gap was at 1.17 percent. In third place is Latin America and the Caribbean, having bridged 72.6% of its gender gap. Above we show that there are large gender gaps in land ownership across low-income countries. In most countries the gender pay gap has decreased in the last couple of decades. (2008). Olivetti and Petrongolo (2008) show that this pattern holds in the data: unadjusted gender wage gaps across countries tend to be negatively correlated with gender employment gaps. The gender pay gap is smaller in middle-income countries which tend to be countries with low labor force participation of women. Given the high risk of an enveloping crisis, the report explores the state of gender gaps in the workforce through complementary data available in the Economy Profiles and new metrics developed in collaboration with LinkedIn, Coursera, Hologic and WTW: The report's detailed Economy Profiles and online Data Explorer tool - available on the report website - allow users to understand how close each country is to gender equality across each of the four subindexes and provide a snapshot of each country's legal and social framework to date. Gender gaps in stress levels: Based on data by Hologic, the report finds that between 2021 and 2022, reported stress was 4% higher in women than in men. Here we show that there are also large gaps in terms of access to borrowed capital. WebCompared to traditional ways of estimating the gender pay gap, the factor weighted pay gap finds that in more than 70 per cent of the countries covered in the report, the gap has been underestimated. gender wage gap in different countries. At the other end of the range are Energy (20%), Manufacturing (19%) and Infrastructure (16%). With few women in managerial positions in the workplace or in parliament, the Angolan workplace is largely male-dominated, hugely affecting the average woman's wage as a result. Goldin (1988), for instance, examines past prohibitions against the training and employment of married women in the US. It shows that women all over the world are underrepresented in high-profile jobs, which tend to be better paid. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Source: In the chart we show that this correlation also holds within countries: Womens control is greater in wealthier households. The Gender Savings Gap. For example, as the chart shows, in nearly all low and middle-income countries with data, men are more likely to own land than women. The gender pay gap (or the gender wage gap) is a metric that tells us the difference in pay (or wages, or income) between women and men. That is, the gender pay gaps tend to be smaller where relatively fewer women participate in the labor force. Of these, a subset of 102 countries have been represented in every edition of the index since 2006, further providing a large constant sample for time series analysis. Of all female heads of state globally, the longest serving ones have presided over Germany for 16.1 years, Iceland for 16 years, Dominica for 14.9 years and Ireland for 14 years. Based on an analysis of 2019 data from 33 countries, representing 54% of the global working-age population, men's share of time spent in unpaid work as a proportion spent in total work was 19%, while for women this was 55%. Help us do this work by making a donation.

When the gender pay gap is calculated by comparing all male and female workers, irrespective of differences in worker characteristics, the result is the raw or unadjusted pay gap. First, we see that the series trends upwards, meaning the gap has been shrinking in the last couple of decades. (1996), who look at discrimination in restaurants. What is the the picture on economic inequality in the aggregate? The region registers its highest gender gap score in 16 years. Our World in Data presents the empirical evidence on global development in entries dedicated to specific topics. Across EU Member States, the gender pay gap varied by 20.7 percentage points, ranging from -0.2 % in Luxembourg to 20.5 % in Estonia (Figure 1). However, in many countries gender gaps in education have been closed and we still have large gender inequalities in the workforce. Sweden comes out best with 12.3%, but still lags behind Luxembourg, Italy and Romania, which all manage a pay gap of 5% or less. By this measure the gender wage gap can be negative.