But there is no name of the writer, so I answered to you: A certain number of Jewish DPs were also employed as physicians, schoolteachers, and policemen in camps. In addition, a few childrens homes were created for orphans, the most well-known being Selvino. In the fall of 1945 it housed approximately 600 Jewish DPs. This collection is part of a record group that includes the Records of the Displaced Persons Camps and Centers in Germany (RG 294.2), the Records of the DP Camps of Italy (RG 294.3), and the Papers of Leo W. Schwartz (RG 294.1). A 5700 Zell am See, Tel: 0043 6542 766 -0

This is a foto from Lienz, DP camp Peggetz. We would like to thank Crown Family Philanthropies and the Abe and Ida Cooper Foundation for supporting the ongoing work to create content and resources for the Holocaust Encyclopedia. Among the most active of the YIVO correspondence in Austria were Josef Fuksman, Maurycy Rubin, Kurt Weigel and Mordkhe Shaechtel.

The relationship with refugees in Austria is especially troubling in social integration. On your website the DP camp Peggetz/Lienz is named for Slovenian, but all informations and fotos are from the Cossacks, the Cossacks cemetery and their meetings every year. WebThe History of Relocation.

John Zakelj St. Paul, Minnesota USA. The Russians, however, were not so well treated having no Red Cross and insufficient food, with apparently no constitution to withstand this life, they simply died off like flies. WebAfter the war, the western Allies established DP camps in the Allied-occupied zones of Germany, Austria and Italy.

Did they stay in closed refugee camps, waiting for years? 4600 Wels, Stadtplatz 1 Webrefugee camps in austria. Brought to a military trial, he and his story found sympathy with the camps general, who secured a job in the camp kitchen for him, and also sponsored a wedding for him. Published citations should take the following form:Identification of item, date (if known); Records of the Displaced Person Camps and Centers of Austria; RG 294.4; box number; folder number; YIVO Institute for Jewish Research. One of the refugees, Mohamed Droubi entered Austria illegally at the border of Hegyeshalom. The Gilner family know they were in Salzverg from 1945-1948.

In contrast to Hungary, Austria does not pass the refugees on to neighboring countries. As Dudgeon pointed out, Ive met so many different people in so many different vocations in their home country, and then they come here and they cant speak English so they have to do menial jobs. WebThe 2015 European migrant crisis, also known internationally as the Syrian refugee crisis, was a period of significantly increased movement of refugees and migrants into Europe in 2015, when 1.3 million people came to the continent to request asylum, the most in a single year since World War II. to your desktop the 2011 Excel spreadsheet (in German) of camps and camp I am delighted to find your website. The Austrians By the end of 1947, there were 20,133 Jewish DPs in the U.S. "On May 19, 1945, the civilian refugee camp at Viktring was placed under the command of Consisting of a secretariat and ten departments (Economic, Cultural, Educational, Financial, Emigration, Religious, Medical, Social Welfare, and Political and Legal, which included Press and Information), the Central Committee also published the most widely-read periodical in the U.S.

Great. [9] As of 2018, there were some 30,000 Chechens residing in Austria. Tel: + 43 (512) 508 3502 Europes good cop and bad cop to meet Xi Jinping, US going to hell, says Trump after being charged, Poland pledges more jets to Ukraine on Zelensky visit, Political battle lines will harden over Trump case. You may be of assistance but I'm looking for information on a camp called Schurer, location is St. Margareton. Sportgasse - See Judenburg; British zone; St. Andr - Wolfsberg UNRRA team 329; Krnten; British zone. My parents lived there during 1948-1949. This record group serves as a major resource on the history of the Jewish displaced persons after World War II. TTY: 202.488.0406, The Steiermark district of Austria housed several, Linz-Bindermichel was located in the American occupied zone. Stadl-Paura - located in The collection is in Yiddish, German, English, Hebrew, and Polish in order of prevalence. From the start, the Jewish DPs in Austria, and the agencies which provided for their needs, were beset with challenges and problems. I am almost sure that the man with the small beard is my dad. Staff Interface | ArchivesSpace.org | Hosted by Lyrasis, http://www.ajcarchives.org/AJC_DATA/Files/1948_1949_15_YRForeign.pdf, Records of the Displaced Persons Camps and Centers in Germany, American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee, United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration, Majority of material found within 1945-1950, Subseries 1: Organizations in Vienna, 1945-1960, Subseries 2: International Committee for Jewish Concentrate Camp Inmates and Refugees, 1945-1951, Subseries 3: Rothchild Hospital, 1945-1950, Subseries 4: Israelitische Kultus Gemeinde in Vienna, 1938-1960, Subseries 5: Verein Judische Hochschuler, 1946-1960, Series II: Displaced Persons' Camps, 1945-1948, Subseries 8: Hallen, Klagenfurt, Kleinmunchen, Mauthausen, Ranshofn, Saalfelder, 1945-1948, Subseries 10: Webscheid (Tyler), 1946-1948, Series III: U.S. Army, UNRRA, IRO, 1945-1950, Series IV: Personal Materials, 1939-1952, undated.

These camps were located in both the British and American occupied zones. Main telephone: 202.488.0400 Some 21,600 refugees remain in Vienna, registered for basic welfare support. In an unparalleled six-year period between 1945 and 1951, European Jewish life was reborn in camps such as those in the Steiermark district of Austria. WebWegscheid 'Camp Tyler DP camp was a transit camp opened in June 1946. Refugees (Austria-Hungary) By Francesco Frizzera During World War I, about 1.1 million refugees sought refuge in the interior of Austria- Control and Refugee Camps Refugees (Austria-Hungary) - 1914-1918-Online 2/5.

According to the UN, host countries have a duty of care to identify the vulnerable situations of each migrant. The first inhabitants of these camps were concentration camp Peter Leevers, We hope to hear more from Peter in the future. much discrimination throughout many centuries. The. On June 29th, trains stopped again near Peggetz. Vls is a market town in the district of Innsbruck-Land in the Austrian state of Tyrol located at the western border of Innsbruck. Trofaiach was opened in the fall of 1945 with the capacity to hold 4,000 individuals. Kajetaner Platz . I am searching for information about my Grandmother and my Mother who were in Villach St Martin from the years of 1944 to 1950. 6021 Innsbruck Email: spittal@ktn.gde.at, "1945: Up to the end of war offer resistance against the terror of the Nazi regime, decided communist inside, to that its expression about also in the "Muehlviertler hasenjagd" finds and the KPOe brings large victims, approximately 160 communist inside come into upper Austria in the resistance around the life. Death march of the Hungarian Jews (A Computer There is the museum of medieval legal history: The history of torture (in German). May 6, 2020 Admittedly conditions were bad and the

Most refugees come from Syria (close to 58,000) and Afghanistan Returns accepted. By the end of May 1946, there were 15,000 Jewish DPs in Austria, many of whom had fled Hungary and Romania, and then had been allowed by the Soviets to cross the Russian Zone to reach the American sector in Vienna. Thank you, Petra Simic petrasimne@gmail.com, Saint Martin's Villach / St. Martin's Villach, Land Kaernten (British Zone) - See also Graz camp, City Archive: Stadtarchiv Villach By mid-year, there were only seven Jewish DP camps in Austria. Frie; British zone; Steinfeld Ehefeld - Krnten; British zone; Steinfeld Ost [east] -Krnten; British zone; Steinkogel - Ebensee; camp # 403; Offenseestrasse; US zone; Steyr (Obersterreich) The following organizations have found ways to aid refugees in Austria. 6, 6020 Innsbruck

The camp was located in Groedig, Austria. The accommodations consisted of wooden barracks typical of such camps. My father (12 years old) came with the first train to Spittal, my mother (8 years) came to Lienz and in November 1946 with all the other refugges from Lienz to Spittal. What happened when other countries charged ex-leaders? ), Dec 11, 2014 Dear Olga, As the war progressed, they became a permanent feature of refugee policy and a microcosm of agendas of state consolidation. Email: tpost@saalfelden.at. By 2018, three years later, most 2015 refugees were still waiting on the results of their applications. [1] The Federal Agency for Immigration and Asylum (BFA) also publishes short YIVO issued appeals to the DPs in the camps and centers, and organized voluntary committees of YIVO friends to coordinate the gathering of relevant materials, which were forwarded to YIVO in New York. I am reaseaching on the DP Camp Freiberg in Flossenbrg als known as "Camp Sikorski" or just DP Camp Flossenbrg on the ground of the former concentration camp Flossenbrg. I would like to get us a roster of Czech. the district Wels-Land in Upper Austria; 1010/1012; Lambach; US zone; Official website: http://www.stadl-paura.at, E-Mail-address: gemeinde@stadl-paura.ooe.gv.a, source: Virtual Museum of Upper Austria (http://www.ooegeschichte.at/). German) vernichtungs lager- extermination camps, At the same time, several initiatives continue to help support these refugees in creative ways. At first, camps represented a temporary measure to immobilize and control displaced pop-ulations. 2023-03-29. After seven years, they are as likely to receive employment as non-European migrants. https://archives.cjh.org/repositories/7/resources/3243 Accessed April 05, 2023. Austria. Tel: 0043 4762 81255 - 0 By mid-year, there were only seven Jewish DP camps in Austria. St. Georgen am Lnsee - >Krnten; British zone; St. Gertraud - Wolfsberg; UNRRA team 329, British zone; St. Johann/Pongau - Markt Pongau, Pongau district; US zone; St. Lambrech - Wohnsiedlung Heiligenstadt; St. Lorenz (am Mondesee lake) - Camps 534/536; village; US zone; St. Marein - Kapfenberg; British zone; St.Graschnitz; St. Martin - camp 59; Villach; Linz; British zone; Traun; St. Martinstrasse - Villach; British zone; St. Peter / Kammersberg; Wohnlager; British zone; St. Peter am Bichi -Krnten; British zone; St. Thomas/Zeiselberg - Pischeldorf; >Krnten; British zone; St. Veit an der Glan River, British zone; had multiple camps: St. Wolfgang - US zone team 342, Brglgut - Jews. There are also records of the U.S. Army, UNRRA, and IROs actions in the camps. Frames on each roll are numbered consecutively from 1 to the end of the roll. We also organized sightseeing tours in Carinthia and PowerPoint presentations about living in the DP camps. When he fought back, he was chained and put in a basement prison for thirteen days.

camps all over the Empire such as Doboj (46,000), Arad, Gyor, Neusiedl am See." camps were set up, mostly for Serbs and other pro-Serbian Yugoslavs. In the contents list, the description of the materials corresponds to both a folder number and the microfilm number. late May and early June 1945, shortly after the Allied forces moved into Austria

The interior ministry said it was working to try to improve the situation at the camp. Unfortunately I do not find this photo on the sites. Greatly Appreciated.

camps. WebWhen Debi Goodwin travelled to the Dadaab Refugee Camp in 2007 to shoot a documentary on young Somali refugees soon coming to Canada, she did not anticipate the impact the journey would have on her. adams county section 8 houses for rent; refugee camps in austria.

Jamam Camp, also in Upper Nile State, has recorded 1,320 cases and 25 deaths, followed by the Gendrassa Camp with 577 cases and three deaths.

Olga, 1/1/06 Dear Olga,

THE D.P.6S LISTED REQUESTED TO BE SENT TO KLAGENFURT. The first came after 1945, where 1.6 million Jews, Hungarians, Romanians, My mother wrote a list with all names of the teachers and pupils she knows. the train and politely escorted me to a transit camp at the outskirts of (Obersterreich archives. I myself was tiptop. Tel. View the list of all donors. About 61% of the population also saw the coexistence of refugees and Austrians as bad. Refugees themselves felt the discrimination.

Paris-London-Strasse. by Klaus Fohringer. We came to the United States in 1956. - Klagenfurt, Archive: Tiroler Landesarchiv, Michael-Gaismair-Strasse 1, 6010 Innsbruck

Here, in my country, there is just a few information about the camps and all the history. Only about 19% of these refugees stayed permanently in Austria. The swimming, scenery and a good commandant combined to make this the best camp I've been in. 6020 Innsbruck, Treffling, Download Centre on my website which you may wish to link to. cela correspondrait avec la carte de dplacement de celui -ci. Permission to publish part or parts of the collection must be obtained in writing from the YIVO Archives. In the past century, Austria experienced three main waves of refugees. Team 335 Judenbur. concentration camp 20 miles from Graz, Tel: +43 (1) 4000-84808 and +43 (1) 400099-84819. More than 90,000 Austrian refugees applied for asylum by the end of 2015. The Office of the Advisor on Jewish Affairs to the U.S. Military was discontinued on January 30, and the Central Committee of Liberated Jews resolved to cease its activities on October 1, 1950. Please see below for reader's reply. 94110 Wegscheid, Telefon: +49 (0) 8592/ 888-0 who managed to flee Tito's communist Yugoslav forces, by crossing Slovenia's During the first days of the crisis, Vienna set up a Refugee Coordination Centre and erected 65 emergency shelters, which included 10,600 beds. Hit particularly hard were 19,434 Romanian Jews who had fled Russian-annexed Bukovina and Bessarabia to enter the U.S. the government is considering the construction of refugee camps. From: http://www.danceage.com/biography/sdmc_Concentration_camp#Austria-Hungary or

Beth Trumpeldor in the part of Salzburg, called Gnigl, and andrew dettre, e-mail andrew.dettre@bigpond.com. Mar 5, 2023 Updated Mar 6, 2023 Rohingya refugees try to salvage their belongings after the major fire ripped through the camp. I also can write the information in Slovenian.

Since 1956, Austria has considered itself a place of first arrival and transit, but not as a place of resettlement.

For find out the name of this camp and locate someone whose memory is better A 8010 Graz Wienerstrasse - Kapfenberg; British zone; Wiesenhof, in Absam Would you be able to offer any information or assistance? I do speculate that in WW II some of the Nazi officers These records detail the history of the displaced person camps in the American zone in Austria.
Access to the Austrian labor market as a refugee has limitations, especially before their claims for asylum have received acceptance.

Must have been to go three rounds with Jock Sanderson in the two boxing tournaments we held there. UNHCR, which manages the Dadaab complex, set up the first camps there between October 1991 and June 1992. Emigration, mainly to Israel, had also played a role in reducing the number of Jewish DPs there. Karen Salver. She also worked in Trieste - in San Sabba, Opincina and Gesuiti. Thank You Luci Lebedew. But I have no proof of this, it is A-8740 Zeltweg Moreover, gay people who come from countries that Austria considers safe are at higher risk when they have to return to countries they fled. Map: http://www.mapquest.com/maps?city=Wagna&country=AT. Regards, Adam Bradley. My parents were born in Slovenia, they flight with my grandparents in May 1945 through the Loibltunnel to Carinthia and stayed with 20.000 Slovenians on the fields in Viktring, when the British military promised to bring them to Italy.

DAMASCUS, Syria, February 1 (UNHCR) - The UN refugee agency closed the Al Tanf refugee camp between the borders of Syria and Iraqi on Monday and relocated the last of the Palestinian refugees who had been stranded in the bleak no-man's land for nearly four years. Web l'issue de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, des camps de personnes dplaces en Europe sont ouverts en Allemagne, en Autriche et en Italie.Ils sont principalement destins aux rfugis venus d'Europe de l'Est et aux anciens prisonniers des camps de concentration du Troisime Reich.Un camp de personnes dplaces est une infrastructure temporaire d'accueil I was born in ST. MARTIN, VILLACH in 1953.

adams county section 8 houses for rent; refugee camps in austria.

She was born to Angelina Jelisic and Gvozden Simic. This year, a staggering 52,000 requests have already Your advice on preparing these materials to be shared more fully by survivors of these times would be welcome. For more information, contact: YIVO Institute for Jewish Research, Center for Jewish History, 15 West 16th Street, New York, NY 10011 Email: archives@yivo.cjh.org, After the liberation of Vienna in April 1945, there were 17,000 Jews in the city, most of whom were Hungarian Jews or other refugees. Ukrainians, also seeking shelter in the camp, were treated more favorably by the British and engaged in rock throwing and other acts of violence against the Jewish inmates. Thanks very much and sorry for my English.

Condition: Brand New Quantity: 10 available Price: AU $52.17 ApproximatelyUS $35.38 Buy It Now Add to cart Add to Watchlist Breathe easy. The microfilm (MK 492) was prepared in July 1966 by the YIVO Archives at the request of the Ha'apala Projects in Israel and a complete copy thereof was deposited in the Institute for Zionist Research of Tel Aviv University in Tel Aviv. The records of the Israelitische Kultus Gemeinde, the Central Committee of Liberated Jews in Upper Austria, the International Committee for Jewish Concentration Camp Inmates and Refugees (ICK-Z), and the AJDC reflect the varied roles they played for the DP community. Camp Herzl (Franz-Josefs-Kaserne) between Schrannengasse and My father (12 years old) came with the first train to Spittal, my mother (8 White Nile State hosts the second largest refugee population in Sudan, with over 280,000 individuals, of which 84 per cent are women and children. GENEVA, 21 February (UNHCR) - This year is the 20th anniversary of the world's biggest refugee camp, Dadaab in north-eastern Kenya. The experience of the Jewish Displaced Persons figured prominently in this project.

(Parsch is also the part of Salzburg) willingly - until the night of May 26 when a repatriated anti-Communist Serbian City Archive: Magistrat der Stadt Wien - MA 8 - According to Amy Dudgeon, who has worked for more than 27 years with refugees and immigrants in New Orleans, Louisiana through Catholic Charities, a religious organization that provides immigration and refugee services, The number one thing is the language barrier..

Due to its geopolitical position during the Cold War, Austria was one of the main receiving and transit countries for refugees fleeing communist regimes in Eastern and Central Europe between 1945 and 1989. She was a prolific writer and I have a weekly letter from her to her mother throughout the 1945-6 period. The ancient Roman town of Flavia Solva lies near what is today Wagna. Zone in Austria. Refugee camps in Austria-Hungary saw a gradual transformation of their purpose, as state officials designed aid practices with postwar state consolidation in mind.

Julia Gonzalez, Dear Julia, The railroad station was southeast

Rathaus WebCamp Mlln 6 DP in Mllner Hauptstrasse 38. It was mentioned for the first time in documents in 1188. Land Obersterreich, see while the first were internierten lager- internment A 1010 Wien 1, post@m08.magwien.gv.at Austria and Vienna were divided into American, British, French, and Russian zones.

Admittedly the first were a After two years, the employment rates of refugees start to converge with Austrian-born and other migrants. Correspondence, daily announcements, lists of residents, records of ration distribution, court records, and minutes of meetings held in the camps are all well represented in these materials. The U.S. Freeze Order of April 21, 1947 left the frontiers open, but prevented DPs who entered the U.S. zones after that from receiving assistance from the Army or the IRO. The Amnesty report (in German) says many of the problems could be easily dealt with if there was better cooperation between the federal government and the provincial authorities in Austria. Karmeliterplatz 3 While poverty threatened 39% of people with migration backgrounds in 2018, this percentage was 50% for people from non-European lands. But the trucks go back to Yugoslavia and more than 12.000 Slovenian were murdered.

to Italy. Judenburg consisted of a number of camps, including Dietersdorf, Kaserne, Kobenz, Liechtensteing, and Murdorf. [4] Because of heavy fighting in Italy between the Allied forces and the Germans, it was decided to transfer the refugees to Egypt. When floods of immigrants, mostly from Syria, poured over its borders in 2015, Austria became a focal point for global forced displacement. Ecke Moosstrasse." By the way, do you know if there was more than one DP camp in Salzverg? refugee camps in austria.

He speaks of receiving clothes from UNRRA and a package of supplies for the baby from the Joint (the AJDC). Ramadan and Passover raise tensions at Jerusalem holy site, You aimed at my eyes but my heart still beats, Taiwan's Tsai meets US House Speaker McCarthy, Super Mario: Jack Black on rise of game adaptations, Inside the life coaching cult that takes over lives. transit camp for Jews Beth Trumpeldor in the part of Salzburg, called Gnigl, and 1950 marked the end of a number of DP activities and institutions in the U.S. They include the records of the individual camps as well as political and cultural groups that operated within the camps. I decided that it would be wonderful if this material was accessible to the people or their families who were in the camps at the time - hence I have just put it all on a website. Camp Mlln 6 DP in Mllner Hauptstrasse 38. At the beginning of 1952, the IRO began to wind down its aid activities, and until their closing, the few remaining camps were supported by the Austrian government with supplementary aid from the AJDC.

Thomas Horace Hawksworth: Seefeld - in Tirol; camps: Haus of: Schneck & Sonneck, Selzthal - lager 1, lager 2; British zone, Spallenghof - Linz; 55; district ; barracks. Schwabenlager Groedig, 4/10/05 Hi, For some years now I have been looking at your website and it has been really helpful to me. The case of Austria-Hungary is indicative of shifts in the scope of refugee encampment during the First World War. The challenge ahead for Austrian refugees: assimilating into a new culture, learning a new language and finding suitable employment. Instead, soldiers immediately begin the asylum process. Even though the country has accepted more refugees in the past few years, animosity toward these refugees is rising. They brought more than 2000 Slovenians to stay in this camp for more than 16 months. My aunt was in charge of several camps in Austria, on behalf of the British Red Cross, first at Villach then in Vienna. Why is EU struggling with migrants and asylum? Linz-Bindermichel was located in the American occupied zone. But hundreds of thousands of WebResponsibility for solving the huge refugee problem that developed in Austria in November 1956 fell on the shoulders of the Western democracies, including the United States. There were constant wrangles between the camp administrators and the Austrian authorities over facilities which the government sought to requisition for needy Austrians.

Austria is a beautiful country nestled in the Alps with a rich cultural and musical history. (Computer translation from French below. The burden for their care fell entirely upon the shoulders of the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee, until August 17, 1947, when the Austrian government took over the task of provided them with the basic food ration. Another narrative in the same book, given by Isaac W., provides even more candid details about mistreatment at the hands of the British military in charge of Judenburg. As I was doing research to help me translate my father's diary, I happened to come across the posting below which you placed on Olga Kaczmar 's web page. Fax: 0043 6542 766 -30 Free shipping for many products! The AJDC also aided 250 Jewish DPs who attended university in the U.S. zone, and served, along with the Jewish Agency,a nd the Central Committee of Liberated Jews on the Board of Education and Culture for Jewish DPs in Austria. WebExecutive summary. These problems are not separate. The organization's program was designed to spur local entrepreneurship. By William Spindler 24 September 2014 Also available in: Franais Espaol With assurances of their safety, the unarmed soldiers initially went Trofaiach has its own page, near Stift Wilten, Archiv, Klostergasse 7, 6020 Innsbruck ago--- He was a 12-14 years old and was a Czechoslovakian and living in Salzburg was. This would correspond with the travel card on the latter. When refugees create relationships within their ethnic communities, they can overcome their initial isolation and heighten their chances of getting their first job. Steinfeld - Graz; Wetzelsdorferstrasse /Alte Poststrasse. Materials include announcements, invitations, identity documents, correspondence, lists, minutes and reports. 1. YIVO and its partners at the Center for Jewish History have extensive collections relating to displaced persons, which can be found by searching the catalog. http://www.lemko.org/art/madzelan/29eng.html, Hawker Hunter J-4094 A-9500 Villach Zone. WebIkea kicked off the program with an initiative in Jordan aimed at employing Syrian refugees. WebSoldiers in Burgenland have been apprehending up to 600 asylum seekers each week. He adds that refugees living in flood-prone areas will continue to suffer as they struggle to recover from repeated damage to their shelters and camp infrastructure caused by recurring flooding. Universitt Innsbruck, Universittsarchiv, Innrain 52, medical experiments." https://www.oesta.gv.at/bezirks-stadt-und-kommunalarchive, http://lazarus.elte.hu/hun/digkonyv/topo/200e/33-47.jpg, http://www.danceage.com/biography/sdmc_Concentration_camp#Austria-Hungary, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_concentration_and_internment_camp, http://www.carpatho-rusyn.org/kr/taler.htm, http://www.lemko.org/art/madzelan/29eng.html, http://www.thunder-and-lightnings.co.uk/hunter/survivors.html, http://www.crommelin.org/history/Biographies/1914Edward/UnrraScrapbook/Trofaiach/Trofaiach.htm, http://www.crommelin.org/history/Biographies/1914Edward/UnrraScrapbook/Villach/Villach.htm, http://www.mapquest.com/maps?city=Wagna&country=AT, http://www.crommelin.org/history/Biographies/1914Edward/UnrraScrapbook/ZellAmSee/ZellAmSee.html, Map of Villach St Martincamp (source: Stieber). To the Austrian state of Tyrol located at the camp was a prolific writer and I have a weekly from. 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(zustndig Mr. Dr. Obersteiner, he is a very nice man, really) For the Jews who survived the Holocaust, the end of World War II brought new challenges. Government (AMGOT).