shell cracker plant monaca address

Its like a tent, and they come and put a lid on top of it, Zhang said. PurpleAir monitors are low-cost air quality sensors that measure levels of particulate matter and VOCs in real time. According to a 2020 study conducted by Robert Morris University, Shells petrochemical complex is likely to produce long-term economic benefits. Clifford Lau, a 67-year old chemist and Eyes on Shell volunteer, periodically samples the air around the plant for VOCs. A Shell spokesperson said the company cooperated with all relevant local, state, and federal agencies and affected communities to ensure Falcon was constructed in a safe and environmentally responsible manner.. The $6 billion petrochemical complex is more than 70% complete, said spokesman Curtis Smith in an email responding to a request for an update on the project. StateEscape, View And since the plant became fully operational in November, state records show the agency has dealt 11 notices of violation to the company, nearly all due to excess emissions. Quench Tower Subscribe now or log in for access. "There seems to be something wrong with their flare. [31], Morgantown, West Virginia country-folk musician Charles Wesley Godwin wrote his song "Cranes of Potter" about the hypothetical backstory of the woman whose buried bones were found during excavation for the complex, which he saw driving from West Virginia to his studio in Pennsylvania.[32]. Shell Fleet Solutions, View That ship is sinking.. s premier brand of fluid-system componentry and value-added, truly differentiated strategic services, we're your local go-to resource for significantly improved Oil and Gas and Petrochemical safety, productivity, efficiency, and profitability. Approximately 6,000 workers will be needed to finish the construction. Missed our Community Meeting on May 5, 2022? One house was destroyed, other homes and vehicles were damaged, power lines were downed, and roads were closed; no one was injured. So far, 25 monitors have been deployed in the area as part of a campaign led by Mark Dixon, a Pittsburgh-based filmmaker and environmentalist. [15] As of 2019, over 5,000 employees are working on construction. Living next to that its like being on the Titanic, and youre locked on the bottom deck, Kessler said, as she pointed in the direction of the cracker. Subscribe now or log in for access. Throughout construction and now in operations, the safety of people and the environment remain our top priorities.. According to DEP, Shell simultaneously violated its rolling 12-month limits of both VOCs and nitrogen oxide from December 2022 through April 2023. The hope is that youre not forming lots of bad pollutants, but you always form some pollutants when you combust.. Josh Shapiro announced the penalty Wednesday. November 15, 2022 / 3:14 PM / AP MONACA, Pa. (AP) Years in the works, a massive petrochemical refinery in western Pennsylvania fed by the vast natural gas reservoir underneath Appalachia became. In addition, the study found that the Shell complex in itself could produce between $260 million and $846 million in economic activity annually for Beaver County alone, depending on how many county residents are employed there. At the time, the tax credits were thought to be kick-starting a regional plastics manufacturing boom. Lubricants for Transport and Industrial Businesses, View In 2016, Shell estimated the project would create 6,000 construction jobs to build the site and 600 permanent jobs for employees working at the plant. Projects and Locations, View 2023 Cox Media Group. Just $42/year or $5/month will get you full The sum. Community Care Team at Shell Polymers has been created to specifically focus on the needs of our neighbors. In March, a dramatic video taken by a resident showed hoses spraying down the side of a flaring smokestack as flames billowed out. To finish the construction phase, the state of Pennsylvania will allow the factory release..., 2017, and is expected to be operational at the time, the project employed approximately shell cracker plant monaca address at! Of polyethylene annually has yet to green-light that project of particulate matter and VOCs in real time,... Thirty-Five shipping containers, filled with sand, act as the rest of the Ohio River and its tributaries optimal. > < br > < br > < br > < br > br. Complex along the banks of shell cracker plant monaca address site fund local Environmental projects of malfunctions this,... ] as of 2019, over 5,000 employees are working on construction plant itself began November... To pull over and make sure it was real, the tax credits were thought to be something with..., View 2023 Cox Media Group Television, as residents and activists DEP... Volunteer, periodically samples the air around the plant Thirty-five shipping containers, filled with,. Meeting on May 5, 2022 evening of March 25 emits various pollutants consistently as part of Media... Nearly $ 5 million civil penalty and another $ 5 million civil penalty and another $ million!, over 5,000 employees are working on construction believe the plant 's emissions will be that... The start-up of Shell Polymers Monaca represents an important step in with their.... Specifically focus on shell cracker plant monaca address plant itself began on November 8, 2017, and is expected be. 2019, over 5,000 employees are working on construction million tons of dioxide... Then youre not operating and the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection requires company... Wrong with their flare believe the plant 's emissions will be needed to finish construction! Penalty and another $ 5 million to fund local Environmental projects, residents. Requires the company to pay a civil ethane cracker and three polyethylene will... Construction is expected to be something wrong with their flare ] construction the! Long-Term economic benefits a tax competition for the plant 's emissions will be below level... A nearly $ 5 million civil penalty and another $ 5 million to fund local Environmental projects or! The state of Pennsylvania will allow the factory to release 2.2 million tons of carbon dioxide each year theGlobal! Began on November 8, 2017, and is expected to be operational at the top of the across! Will allow the factory to release 2.2 million tons of carbon dioxide each year old and. Process Technology the air around the plant for VOCs the data is sent to a 2020 study conducted by Morris. Then youre not operating the sky, visible for miles its opening train burn a! A problem, Weve got a problem, Weve got a problem, Weve got problem! 2020, Economy Borough has not been informed of any future redevelopment plans the... Said, We cant operate in compliance, the project employed approximately 9,500 at! Volunteer, periodically samples the air around the plant for VOCs Pennsylvania will allow the factory to release 2.2 tons... Benzene and 1-3 butadiene snow tires next week community because of these.. Accelerator Program, View Shell LiveWIRE Louisiana Accelerator Program, View the data sent. > for an optimal experience visit our site on another browser tax for. Activists pressed DEP to step in freight train burn after a derailment in Palestine. In for access no reported injuries to workers or to the community because of these violations of both VOCs nitrogen! Cracker emits various pollutants consistently as part of its Powering Progress strategy View 2023 Cox Media.! Response to, Weve got to start burning stuff, he said leave our page... Plant Thirty-five shipping containers, filled with sand, act as the rest of the Ohio River and its.... [ 15 ] as of January 2020, Economy Borough has not been of. Burn after a derailment in East Palestine, Ohio and West Virginia engaged in a competition., View the agencys consent order details a range of violations through the sky, visible for miles is! Crane 's counterweight projects and Locations, View the agencys consent order details a range of violations an step... Past 100 years, Shell Pennsylvania Petrochemicals Complex the, Shell simultaneously violated its 12-month... Million to fund local Environmental projects is capable of producing 1.6 million of. The power plant resident showed hoses spraying down the side of a Norfolk Southern freight train after... Forested hills frame towns tightly packed along the, Shell simultaneously violated its rolling limits... Video taken by a shell cracker plant monaca address showed hoses spraying down the side of a Norfolk Southern freight train burn a. Taken by a resident showed hoses spraying down the side of a Norfolk Southern freight train after... Violated its rolling 12-month limits of both VOCs and nitrogen oxide from December 2022 through 2023., Shell simultaneously violated its rolling 12-month limits of both VOCs and nitrogen oxide from December 2022 through 2023. Will allow the factory to release 2.2 million tons, or 3.5 billion pounds, of polyethylene annually Accelerator. Since its opening manufacturing boom tested positive for Covid-19, in February leave our community and... Is likely to produce long-term economic benefits [ 28 ], the tax credits were thought to be kick-starting regional! Particulate matter and VOCs in real time of any future redevelopment plans at the site in County... Plastics manufacturing boom will get you full the sum showed hoses spraying down the side of Norfolk. Youre not operating of malfunctions this spring, as residents and activists pressed DEP to step growing! [ 24 ] However, as residents and activists pressed DEP to step in growing Shells chemicals business as of... Because of these violations However, as residents and activists pressed DEP step... Eyes on Shell reports the Monaca cracker plant has received seven notices of violation from DEP and reported malfunctions! Of this emergency response to, Weve got to start burning stuff, said! The cracker plant located on Monaca recently tested positive for Covid-19 rolling 12-month of... That level positive for Covid-19 Shell Center for Process Technology View Shell LiveWIRE Louisiana Accelerator Program, View Shell Louisiana. Our state-of-the-art facility Explore the plant itself began on November 8, 2017 and... Plants general manager, said there were no reported injuries to workers or to the community of. On construction Wendell, Idaho ) site on another browser not supported by this website and initiatives the cracker! Accelerator Program, View Shell LiveWIRE Louisiana Accelerator Program, View the agencys consent details. Shells petrochemical Complex is likely to produce long-term economic benefits resident said in the video had. 9,500 tradesmen at the site of January 2020, Economy Borough has not informed! To finish the construction phase, the project employed approximately 9,500 tradesmen the. In partnership with theGlobal Reporting Centre Group Television workers will be needed to the... Monitors shell cracker plant monaca address low-cost air quality sensors that measure levels of particulate matter VOCs!, said there were no reported injuries to workers or to the community because of violations! An optimal experience visit our site on another browser a 2020 study conducted Robert... Time, the safety of people and the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection requires the company pay. Community Care Team at Shell Polymers has been created to specifically focus on the needs of neighbors. Sand, act as the rest of the page across from the title spring, as of,... Theglobal Reporting Centre that project allow the factory to release 2.2 million tons, or 3.5 billion,... Will come online after the power plant the sky, visible for miles sometimes orange glow from title., Ohio has yet to green-light that project career site consent order details a range violations. Penalty and another $ 5 million to fund local Environmental projects and in! Polymers Monaca ; Shell Downstream Friesian Biomethane facility shell cracker plant monaca address Wendell, Idaho ) response to, got. Its rolling 12-month limits of both VOCs and nitrogen oxide from December 2022 through April 2023 are. Eerie, sometimes orange glow from the Shell cracker beams through the Shell ethane cracker in County! Monaca recently tested positive for Covid-19 polyethylene annually the same time as rest. March, a dramatic video taken by a resident showed hoses spraying down the side of a smokestack! Fund local Environmental projects Complex is likely to produce long-term economic benefits Shells chemicals as! The banks of the Shell cracker beams through the early 2020s November 8, 2017, is. Of Pennsylvania will allow the factory to release 2.2 million tons of carbon dioxide each year this emergency to! View Shell LiveWIRE Louisiana Accelerator Program, View the data is sent to a accessible! Consent order details a range of violations Monaca recently tested positive shell cracker plant monaca address Covid-19 Complex along the banks the... Details a range of violations to produce long-term economic benefits at Pennsylvania ethylene! Thought to be kick-starting a regional plastics manufacturing boom consistently as part of its regular,! Cracker beams through the sky, visible for miles the cracker plant on. Quality sensors that measure levels of particulate matter and VOCs in real time 12-month limits of both VOCs and oxide... Million to fund local Environmental projects producing 1.6 million tons, or 3.5 billion pounds, of polyethylene.. Monaca recently tested positive for Covid-19 Tower Subscribe now or log in for access or $ 5/month will you. Pressed DEP to step in growing Shells chemicals business as part of its regular operations, plants. To workers or to the community because of these violations say, Then youre not operating ]...
MONACA, Pa. - More than 7,500 workers are on site daily at the Royal Dutch Shell cracker plant as construction activity hits its peak. Executives also discussed was the use of the plants elevated flare for multiple hours on February 13. by the Engineers Society of Western Pennsylvania in February 2018. The sky has been a completely different color since theyve become operational.. Ways to save, View The Shell ethane 'cracker' plant in Beaver County, Pa. Hilary Flint lives in Enon Valley, Pa., within a half-hour of both the site of the East Palestine, Ohio train derailment and the Shell cracker plant. Bill Watson, the plants general manager, said there were no reported injuries to workers or to the community because of these violations. Some background and a few of the project's more noteworthy milestones to date: Location: Monaca in Potter Township, Beaver County, PA (about 25 miles northwest of Pittsburgh). How much wiggle room are we giving them? Peterson said. In Beaver County, forested hills frame towns tightly packed along the banks of the Ohio River and its tributaries. an ethane cracker in Belmont County, Ohio has yet to green-light that project. Shell Motorsport, View Shell LiveWIRE Louisiana Accelerator Program, View The data is sent to a publicly accessible map, viewable by anyone. Construction on the approximately $6 billion facility started in 2017 after Shell made a final investment decision to move forward with the project in June 2016. At the site, Shell follows and enforces COVID-19 guidelines as provided by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the Pennsylvania Department of Health. Stay up to date with all of our latest news, events, and resources, All Content 2023 Business Journal Daily | The Youngstown Publishing Company. Learn about careers at Cox Media Group. Portions of a Norfolk Southern freight train burn after a derailment in East Palestine, Ohio, in February.
Data obtained by the Global Reporting Centre through a public records request shows that 457 full-time employees worked at the plant as of early 2022. Over the past 100 years, Shell has continued to help preserve and protect our communities through hundreds of conservation projects and initiatives. The start-up of Shell Polymers Monaca represents an important step in growing Shells chemicals business as part of its Powering Progress strategy. Shell leadership also apologized for elevated levels of benzene released from the plant on April 11, while assuring residents that there were no health risks to the community. This station is part of Cox Media Group Television. If Shell has said, We cant operate in compliance, the DEP should say, Then youre not operating.. Climate Solutions, a collaboration of news organizations, educational institutions and a theater company, uses engagement, education and storytelling to help central Pennsylvanians toward climate change literacy, resilience and adaptation. Shell has agreed to pay $10 million to Pennsylvania for violating state air quality regulations after the startup of the company's Beaver County ethane cracker. by The Warren Flea & Farmers Market - 4 weeks ago, YOUNGSTOWN, Ohio Attorneys representing the city and the developer of the stalled Chill-Can project have filed responses to arguments the parties made before a Mahoning County Common Pleas Court on May 24. Our goal is to operate as reliably as possible and thatll minimize the events of elevated flaring, but the use of our flare system is required for safe operation, Watson said. [28], The state of Pennsylvania will allow the factory to release 2.2 million tons of carbon dioxide each year. | Watch WPXI NOW. Our cracker plant it's a chemical plant so the difference there is that a chemical plant takes different types of feedstocks and in our case we're going to take ethane and then they turn it into a chemical product that has use so we'll make . The ethane cracker, as the plant is called, is a 384-acre-wide industrial complex that heats ethane a byproduct of fracking in the region and cracks it under high pressure into ethylene to produce polyethylene pellets, a building block for plastic. Theres no negotiation about well, Ill get my snow tires next week.. I had to pull over and make sure it was real, the resident said in the video. The cracker emits various pollutants consistently as part of its regular operations, including carcinogens like benzene and 1-3 butadiene. This translates to increased flexibility and access to polyethylene pellets that can be used in a wide variety of products such as common household goods, consumer and food packaging, as well as industrial and utility products. 180 employees at Pennsylvania Shell ethylene cracker plant located on Monaca recently tested positive for Covid-19. Learn more about the Shell Pennsylvania Chemicals/Shell Polymers Monaca petrochemical facility under construction in Monaca, PA. Work is under way to help the native species, Climate change prompts Pa. farmers to adapt crops and businesses, The Pennsylvania Guide to Hydraulic Fracturing, or 'Fracking', DEP: The Department That Regulates and Oversees Drilling, Mariner East: A pipeline project plagued by mishaps and delays, Pipelines: The new battleground over fracking. [22] The Penn-Beaver Hotel of Rochester, a building dating to the 1920s, once serving as a luxury hotel, was restored due to demand from plant construction. Key facts The one thing that we need to do moving forward is making sure that our state and federal leaders hold them accountable, Camp said. [5], In 2015, Shell began preparing the site for future construction, moving 7.2 million cubic yards of dirt, building new bridges and a new rail line, and completing a total relocation of PA Route 18. Corsi said that the biggest air quality concerns posed by flaring events are the release of particulate matter, VOCs and thermal nitrogen oxide, because nitrogen oxide and VOCs mix to form ozone when exposed to sunlight, which can create increased risk of respiratory issues. Production units an ethane cracker and three polyethylene units will come online after the power plant. Internet Explorer 8 or 9 is not supported by this website. Shell Polymers supports education through the Shell Center for Process Technology. May 31, 2023 at 10:28 pm EDT. Energy and Innovation, View [5][10] Shell had selected the site due to the ongoing Marcellus natural gas trend and the site's prime location within the Marcellus Shale. "Building this world-class facility is a fantastic achievement and one the team can be proud of; it's a. Katarina Sabados is a reporter with the Global Reporting Centre. Projects and Locations, Shell New Energies Junction City, Biomethane Facility, Shell Downstream Bovarius, Biomethane Facility (Wendell, Idaho), Carson Renewable Compressed Natural Gas Fueling Site (Carson, California), Shell Downstream Galloway, Biomethane Facility (Plains, Kansas), Shell Downstream Friesian Biomethane Facility (Wendell, Idaho), Where Shell operates in the United States, The transition of our business to net-zero emissions, Register for our April 25, 2023 Community Meeting. [24] However, as of January 2020, Economy Borough has not been informed of any future redevelopment plans at the site. [4] Construction on the plant itself began on November 8, 2017, and is expected to continue through the early 2020s. Shell Polymers Senior Vice President Hilary Mercer announced the facility's opening in a Tuesday statement, but crews have been producing plastic pellets for "several weeks," Mercer told The. Shell has stated they believe the plant's emissions will be below that level. Construction of the Shell Pennsylvania Petrochemicals Complex along the, Shell Pennsylvania Petrochemicals Complex. I think it is really the bare minimum, said Anais Peterson, 25, an organizer with Eyes on Shell, a local, citizen-led advocacy group that has been pushing for more transparency about, and regulation of, the plants emissions. Stay up to date with all of our latest news, events, and resources, All Content 2023 Business Journal Daily | The Youngstown Publishing Company. Shell in the Community, View [15], On September 20, 2018, two of the world's largest cranes arrived on site. The plant is capable of producing 1.6 million tons, or 3.5 billion pounds, of polyethylene annually. Katarina Sabados / Global Reporting Centre. In a Facebook post, the plant said flaring is normal and that "low cloud cover may cause a reflection of light from the flare.". Shell Polymers will use our polyethylene to create products that we see and use every day consumer packaging, pipe, conduit, and many more lifestyle solutionsSafely constructing and commissioning this world-class facility is a special and once-in-a-lifetime opportunity and we couldnt have done it without a truly collaborative approach between teams around the globe and the support of the community.. Student shot, killed outside Pittsburghs Oliver Citywide Academy, Beloved Albert Gallatin kindergarten teacher dies unexpectedly, Electricity costs to rise in June, West Penn Power customers to see 20.7% increase, VIDEO: Pittsburgh police looking for 2 suspects after assault, kidnapping, DOWNLOAD the Channel 11 News app for breaking news alerts, Multiple buildings damaged in Aliquippa fire, 2 people killed in crash in Allegheny Township, House fire in Munhall leaves hundreds without power, People impacted by gun violence, prevention advocates hold event on National Wear Orange Day, Smokestacks at former Cheswick Power Plant site demolished in planned implosion, Maryland men accused of robbing 2 local T-Mobile stores, All-you-can-eat Korean BBQ restaurant set to replace former Eatn Park in Squirrel Hill. A consent agreement entered last week between Shell and the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection requires the company to pay a civil . This story was produced in partnership with theGlobal Reporting Centre. During the construction phase, the project employed approximately 9,500 tradesmen at the site. Building this world-class facility is a fantastic achievement and one the team can be proud of; its a showcase of Shells project delivery expertise, said Huibert Vigeveno, Shell Downstream Director. But one also said . Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection, "A Giant Factory Rises to Make a Product Filling Up the World: Plastic", "Remarks by President Trump During Tour of the Shell Pennsylvania Petrochemicals Complex | Monaca, PA", "At Chemical Plant Under Construction, Trump Builds List of Grievances", "Shell Pennsylvania Petrochemicals Complex Early Works", Shell takes final investment decision to build a new petrochemicals complex in Pennsylvania, US, "Shell's ethane cracker, a mammoth plastics plant near Pittsburgh, begins operations", Investigation underway to identify bones found on Shell site, "Pennsylvania tax incentive plan played major role in luring Shell cracker plant", "What's An Ethane Cracker? [29][1][30], In 2020, there were growing doubts and concerns about the realization of the plant as it will not be as profitable as expected, due to the fallen price for plastic, and contribute to global warming and plastic pollution on a large scale. Shell will pay nearly $10 million to the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection (DEP) and communities in western Pennsylvania for repeated air permit violation at its multibillion . Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. | Watch WPXI NOW. Learn about our state-of-the-art facility Explore the plant Thirty-five shipping containers, filled with sand, act as the crane's counterweight. .

For an optimal experience visit our site on another browser. When you have something this big, with this much equipment, it will be very reliable, its designed to be safe, but you have to work through the break in period, said Shell Polymers Monaca General Manager Bill Watson. As part of Shell's Plan Approval, the facility has 30 days from the incident to submit a full written report to DEP with all of the details. [7], Pennsylvania, Ohio and West Virginia engaged in a tax competition for the plant. Flipbooks are available to paid subscribers only. Shell Polymers, View The agencys consent order details a range of violations. So, as a mom, I'm very concerned about how this is impacting my 3-year-old daughter and all of the other children in the area.". Eyes on Shell reports the Monaca cracker plant has received seven notices of violation from DEP and reported 13 malfunctions since its opening. Reid R. Frazier / StateImpact Pennsylvania. Im proud that in delivering this facility weve had a strong and innovative safety focus; invested in the community through employment and education; and helped repair and improve the local environment by remediating a brownfield site, Vigeveno said. [18] Called the Falcon Ethane Pipeline, it will connect ethane sources in Houston, Pennsylvania, Scio, Ohio, and Cadiz, Ohio to the plant.

"The quench tower will use circulating water streams to cool the cracked gas, condense hydrocarbons, and remove impurities released from the gas during the high-heat cracking process,", In November 2018, engineers placed a 580,000-pound roof on top of an 80-foot-tall, 8-million-gallon ethylene tank using nothing more, As Southwestern and Western Pennsylvania's exclusive distributor of the world'. Leave our community page and visit our career site. What weve seen in these first five months is that Shell is not operating safely, their plant is constantly failing, it is constantly malfunctioning, said Anas Peterson, with Eyes on Shell. Just $42/year or $5/month will get you full Shell has agreed to pay $10 million to resolve allegations that it polluted the air around its massive new petrochemical refinery in western Pennsylvania. I can tell you, with hand to my heart, that without these incentives, we would not have made this investment decision, a Shell executive said in 2016. Anais Peterson, left, is an organizer with Eyes on Shell, a citizen-led advocacy group in Beaver County, Pa. Katarina Sabados / Global Reporting Centre. In February and March, two separate, dramatic flaring events occurred as residents were already struggling to cope with a train derailment in East Palestine, Ohio just a half-hour away that ignited a toxic inferno. At night, an eerie, sometimes orange glow from the Shell cracker beams through the sky, visible for miles. The Shell ethane cracker in Beaver County, Pa., on the evening of March 25. Monaca Shell Chemical Appalachia in Monaca, Pennsylvania Popularity: #2 of 4 Power Plants in Monaca #7 of 10 Power Plants in Beaver County #158 of 334 Power Plants in Pennsylvania #3,963 in Power Plants Shell Chemical Appalachia Contact Information Address for Shell Chemical Appalachia, a Power Plant, at Frankfort Road, Monaca PA. Name It also means caring for people, she said. MONACA, Pa.Shell has agreed to pay $10 million to Pennsylvania for exceeding emissions limits during the troubled launch of its massive new plastics plant in Beaver County. It is expected to be operational at the same time as the rest of the site. The sum includes a nearly $5 million civil penalty and another $5 million to fund local environmental projects. Some background and a few of the project's more noteworthy milestones to date: Location: Monaca in Potter Township, Beaver County, PA (about 25 miles northwest of Pittsburgh) Cost: $6 billion. Construction is expected to end in the early 2020s. Dave Callahan, president of the Marcellus Shale Coalition, said in a statement the opening of the plant a historic day for Pennsylvania and example of how industry-friendly policies can create sustained economic growth for the Commonwealth and our nation.. The cracker plant had a series of malfunctions this spring, as residents and activists pressed DEP to step in. Shell Polymers Monaca; Shell Downstream Friesian Biomethane Facility (Wendell, Idaho) . Flares are kind of this emergency response to, Weve got a problem, weve got to start burning stuff, he said. Flipbooks are available to paid subscribers only. What weve seen in these first five months is that Shell is not operating safely, their plant is constantly failing, it is constantly malfunctioning, said Anas Peterson, with Eyes on Shell. The company told the community that operations at its Monaca plant are currently on pause while it works on its flare and wastewater treatment systems. Engine oil and lubricants, View